Aggression and Social Anxiety among Adolescents: Predicting Role of Parent and Peer Attachment
Keywords:
Parent, Peer Attachment, Adolescents, Aggression, Social AnxietyAbstract
Using a cross-sectional survey research approach, the current study sought to quantify the predictive significance of peer and parent attachment in adolescents' social anxiety and aggression. The study also sought to compare the gender differences in violence among teenagers. A multistage proportionate stratified sampling strategy was employed to pick 332 teenagers (ages 13 to 16years) from Gujrat City's Government and Private Schools. The Parent Peer Attachment Inventory was used to gauge peer and parent attachment, the Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents Revised Version was used to gauge social anxiety, and the Adolescent Anger Rating Scale was used to gauge aggression. The association between adolescent aggressiveness, social anxiety, peer attachment, and parents was assessed using Pearson correlation. The predictive function of peer and parent attachment in predicting the social anxiety and violence of teenagers was investigated using regression analysis. The results show that peer and parent attachment play a statistically significant role in predicting adolescents' social anxiety and aggression (CFI=.971, GFI=.982, AGFI=.939, RMSEA= 0.07, p=0.005). Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that insecure parent and peer attachment strongly predicts adolescents' social anxiety and violence (R=0.392, .214, R²=0.154, .046, F=8.41, 5.23, p≤0.01). Adolescent boys are more violent than adolescent girls, according to the t-test results (M=91.36, 84.44, p≤0.01). Consequently, it may be concluded that teenage conduct is influenced by parental and peer attachment. The study's clinical implications suggest that social anxiety and violence in adolescents can be controlled by focusing on peer and parent connection.
References
Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of youth and adolescence, 16(5), 427–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02202939
Blum, J., Ireland, M., Blum, R. W., & Adolescent Health (2003). Gender differences in juvenile violence: a report from Add Health. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 32(3), 234–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00448-2
Bronte-Tinkew, J.,Moore,K., & Carrano, J. (2006). The Father-Child Relationship, Parenting Styles, and Adolescent Risk Behaviors in Intact Families. Journal of Family Issues 27(6), 850-881. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X05285296
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2008). Mother-Child Attachment and Social Anxiety Symptoms in Middle Childhood. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 29(5), 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.06.002
Burney, D. M. (2001). Initial Development and Score Validation of the Adolescent Anger Rating Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61, 446-460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00131640121971310
Burt, S. A., Mikolajewski, A. J., & Larson, C. L. (2009). Do aggression and rule-breaking have different interpersonal correlates? A study of antisocial behavior subtypes, negative affect, and hostile perceptions of others. Aggressive behavior, 35(6), 453–461. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20324
Coleman, J.S. (1961) The adolescent society: The social life of the teenager and its impact on education. Free Press of Glencoe, New York.
Delgado, E., Serna, C., Martínez, I., & Cruise, E. (2022). Parental Attachment and Peer Relationships in Adolescence: A Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(3), 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031064
Eilert, D. W., & Buchheim, A. (2023). Attachment-Related Differences in Emotion Regulation in Adults: A Systematic Review on Attachment Representations. Brain sciences, 13(6), 884. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13060884
Farrington, D.P., & Painter, K. (2004). Gender differences in offending : implications for risk-focused prevention Home Office Online Report 09 / 04.
Festa, C. C., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2011). Parental and peer predictors of social anxiety in youth. Child psychiatry and human development, 42(3), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-011-0215-8
Field, A. P., Lester, K. J., Cartwright-Hatton, S., Harold, G. T., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N., Ganiban, J. M., Reiss, D., Neiderhiser, J. M., & Leve, L. D. (2020). Maternal and paternal influences on childhood anxiety symptoms: A genetically sensitive comparison. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 68, 101123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101123
Finigan-Carr, N. M., Gielen, A., Haynie, D. L., & Cheng, T. L. (2016). Youth Violence: How Gender Matters in Aggression Among Urban Early Adolescents. Journal of interpersonal violence, 31(19), 3257–3281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515584348
Furmark T. (2002). Social phobia: overview of community surveys. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105(2), 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.1r103.x
Immele, A. (2000). The role of adolescents’ representations of attachment and peer relationships in the prediction of delinquency. United States: University of Virginia.
Iwaniec, D. (1995). The emotionally abused and neglected child : identification, assessment, and intervention. Willey.
Ji, L. Q., Zhang, W. X., Jones, K., & Smith, N. (2004). Sex differences in physical, oral and indirect bullying among primary and secondary school students. J. Shandong Norm. Univ, 49, 21-24.
Laible, D. J., & Carlo, G. (2004). The Differential Relations of Maternal and Paternal Support and Control to Adolescent Social Competence, Self-Worth, and Sympathy. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(6), 759-782. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403260094
Laird, R. D., Marrero, M. D., & Sentse, M. (2010). Revisiting parental monitoring: Evidence that parental solicitation can be effective when needed most. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(12), 1431–1441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9453-5
Liu, J., Lewis, G., & Evans, L. (2013). Understanding aggressive behaviour across the lifespan. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 20(2), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2012.01902.x
Loeb, E. L., Stern, J. A., Costello, M. A., & Allen, J. P. (2021). With(out) a little help from my friends: insecure attachment in adolescence, support-seeking, and adult negativity and hostility. Attachment & human development, 23(5), 624–642. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2020.1821722
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the Context of the Family: Parent-Child Interaction. In P. H. Mussen, & E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, Personality, and Social Development (pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.
Marks, J., Bun, L. C., & McHale, S. M. (2009). Family Patterns of Gender Role Attitudes. Sex roles, 61(3-4), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9619-3
Masia-Warner, C., Storch, E. A., Pincus, D. B., Klein, R. G., Heimberg, R. G., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2003). The Liebowitz social anxiety scale for children and adolescents: an initial psychometric investigation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(9), 1076–1084. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CHI.0000070249.24125.89
Mastrotheodoros, S., Van der Graaff, J., Deković, M., Meeus, W. H. J., & Branje, S. (2020). Parent-Adolescent Conflict across Adolescence: Trajectories of Informant Discrepancies and Associations with Personality Types. Journal of youth and adolescence, 49(1), 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01054-7
Moretti, M. M., & Peled, M. (2004). Adolescent-parent attachment: Bonds that support healthy development. Paediatrics & child health, 9(8), 551–555. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/9.8.551
Pei. M (2011), The Relation between Parent-Child Attachment, Child-Rearing Behaviors, and Aggression in Childhood and Adolescence. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts.
Prinzie, P., Onghena, P., & Hellinckx, W. (2006). A cohort-sequential multivariate latent growth curve analysis of normative CBCL aggressive and delinquent problem behavior: Associations with harsh discipline and gender. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(5), 444–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025406071901
Richards, A. (2004). Anxiety and the resolution of ambiguity. In J. Yiend (Ed.), Cognition, emotion and psychopathology: Theoretical, empirical and clinical directions (pp. 130–148). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511521263.008
Schneier F. R. (2006). Clinical practice. Social anxiety disorder. The New England journal of medicine, 355(10), 1029–1036. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp060145
Svetaz, M. V., Garcia-Huidobro, D., & Allen, M. (2014). Parents and family matter: strategies for developing family-centered adolescent care within primary care practices. Primary care, 41(3), 489–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2014.05.004
Vasey, M., & Dadds, M. (2001). An Introduction to the Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety. 10.1093/med:psych/9780195123630.003.0001.
Vertue F. M. (2003). From adaptive emotion to dysfunction: an attachment perspective on social anxiety disorder. Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 7(2), 170–191. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0702_170-191
